Beyond turquoise and coral, Native American jewelers draw upon a remarkable palette of secondary stones — Afghan lapis lazuli traded across 6,000 years of human commerce, spiny oyster shell graded from fiery orange to royal purple, gaspeite, sugilite, charoite, and other rare materials that expand the chromatic possibilities of indigenous jewelry to extraordinary effect.
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The ocean has supplied Native American jewelers with some of their most culturally significant materials. Mediterranean red coral, harvested from depths of 30 to 300 meters in the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas, arrived in the Southwest through Spanish colonial trade routes. Spiny oyster shell from the Sea of Cortez has been traded northward for over a thousand years. Mother of pearl, abalone, and other marine shells complete a palette of organic materials whose cultural importance rivals turquoise itself.
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